Broad History of Culinary Arts

Renita Thornton Chef Jerome Culinary 1010 18 February 2013 A Broad History of the Culinary Arts Presentation Culinary expressions portray the craftsmanship including the readiness and cooking of nourishments. Culinary specialists are generally answerable for planning dinners dexterously, which infers that the food made is speaking to the eye and the sense of taste. The culinary expressions history goes again from 1800s, when the main school in Boston associated with encouraging the specialty of cooking got found. Different changes have occurred in the culinary expressions from the disclosure time to the present.For case, different cooking strategies are persistently being found. Despite the fact that cooking was once taken as a family task expected to be done by ladies as men worked in the field, it has by and by created and has become a world’s wonder and profoundly pulling in the two people because of its capacity to give wages. Today, cooking isn't only a side interest yet in addition an occupation to the American individuals. In this paper, I will examine the development of the c ulinary expressions starting in the ancient occasions to the present. The historical backdrop of culinary expressions goes back to 1800s, when the main cooking school got set up in Boston.The cooking school built up in Boston showed understudies how to plan various nourishments and set them up on passing information to other people. The Boston cooking school was a main donor in the innovativeness of culinary experts all over the place. Be that as it may, more schools started springing up, and up to now, there are around 21,000 colleges encouraging culinary expressions programs (Toussaint-Samat 29). Aside from the massive commitment of Boston cooking school, another immense supporter of the early culinary expressions is Fannie merit book on American culinary expressions and recipes.This book got distributed in 1896; it turned into the primary ever official cookbook in America. During the time, the book turned out to be exceptionally requested since each family unit requested the book as it was esteemed and utilized in each day’s life. This unique book of cooking is as yet used in the current age as a kind of perspective in the cooking calling (Glazer 103). The following stage including the historical backdrop of culinary expressions portrays the culinary expressions being taken to the TV, in 1946, where the dad of American food; otherwise called James Beard held customary classes of cooking.This offered exercise to people craving to realize all the more in regards to the cooking calling. The presence of cooking exercises in the TV carried a great deal of changes to the cooking calling. People craving to become cooks got motivated since one was not required to pay anything so as to figure out how to get ready and cook different foods; all that an individual required was tuning in to cooking exercises on the TV and afterward applying the scholarly exercises for all intents and purposes. Numerous individuals didn't see how to set up specific plans not until there were free classes on televisions.In the 1800’s, individuals had the mindset that cooking was intended for ladies and interest of men in the cooking became esteemed as a disappointment of man’s duty. In any case, in the mid 1900’s, individuals started valuing the craft of cooking with the development of enterprises. The rise of organizations, for example, visitor lodgings caused cooking to turn into a tremendous calling that could hold practically all people in any case whether one was a female or male (Mondschein 49). This exceedingly gave the culinary expressions a touch of polished methodology, despite the fact that not to a huge arrangement. Afterward, in 1946, the Culinary Institute of America became established.The foundation of the Culinary Institute of America got changes the demonstrable skill of cooking. Since the foundation is non-benefit association, it was equipped for supporting demonstrable skill in cooking without the goal of making a benef it. This made most people join the cooking polished skill. In contrast to the previous days, most men joined the cooking calling. The school despite everything offers proficient training in cooking. Preparing materials, recordings and books from the school have been utilized to prepare experts and non-experts in cooking.Cooking methods have changed after some time, because of cooperation between different people. For example, the connection between the Americans and Africans has prompted learning of new procedures of cooking grasped by the various gatherings (Strauss 43). Similarly, the cooperation of Americans with the Asians has prompted the selection of new cooking procedures (Labensky 36). Likewise, new strategies have created with the development of time; customary cooking methods have been supplanted by new procedures that are as yet rising with the progression of the cooking profession.ConclusionCulinary workmanship includes the specialty of getting ready and cooking various foods. Different changes have occurred in the culinary expressions from the revelation time to the present. For example, different cooking strategies are persistently being found. Despite the fact that cooking was once taken as a family task expected to be completed by ladies as men worked in the field, it has directly evolved and has become a world’s wonder and profoundly drawing in the two people because of its capacity to give earnings. Changes have happened in the cooking strategies radiating from the progression of the cooking calling and incorporation of communities.Works Cited Labensky, Steven. The Prentice Hall Dictionary of Culinary Arts.Upper Saddle River, N. J: Pearson/Prentice Hall Books, 2006. Print. Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Internet asset. Glazer, Francine S. Mixed Learning: Across the Disciplines, Across the Academy. Real, Va: Stylus, 2012.Print. Mondschein, Ken. Food and Culinary Arts. New York, NY: Ferguson, 2009.Print. Strauss, G L. M. Reasoning in the Kitchen: General Hints on Food and Drink. S. l: Vintage Cookery Books, 2008. Print.

Power and Knowledge free essay sample

This paper breaks down three logicians hypotheses on the intensity of information. This paper looks at the ways of thinking of Plato, Nietzsche and Marx, as for the connection among force and information. It talks about the topic of who should control information and scatter it in the public arena, the personnel of reason and legitimizations for specific ideas of intensity. The connection among Power and Knowledge is crucial, it is frequently that Knowledge is had by a few and others do activity. Information without activity makes things static, it happens to no utilization and activity without information prompts no place. Activity is the way, where information advances, to the great or to the drawback of individuals, social orders and what's to come. These activities have consistently offered path to a force structure. What is in our capacity to do, is to break down the social practices in activity inside our general public. The more we gain information on things the more impressive we become. We will compose a custom exposition test on Force and Knowledge or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page As the individuals picked up information on things over the span of history, about the world and about themselves, they slowly dealt with things. In any case, for the most part information on specific things has consistently brought about utilizing that information to pick up force and control our others. This can be found in religion, the information about god, and different tenets of religion has been utilized by individuals who guarantee to know about the outright to mistreat and deal with the majority throughout the entire existence of human progress. Any place there is information there must have power. In this paper I will look at the issues which emerge because of the connection among information and force and explicitly to the perspective with respect to who should control information and disperse it in the public arena. Obviously power has consistently been practiced in various political and social practices, to dissect the tasks of social practices in our general public, the connection between the workforce of reason and the avocation of specific ideas that work inside our general public. The way that the personnel of reason is additionally a social practices and has been utilized to legitimize many force connections. In our general public the hunger for theoretical information initially started with the antiquated Greeks, the principal logicians who were the admirers of intelligence or information and information for them was the quest for truth.

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding

Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding Addiction Drug Use Print Dangers of Drug Use When Breastfeeding By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Meredith Shur, MD on December 04, 2014 Meredith Shur, MD, FACOG, is board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology, as well as a certified medical examiner. Learn about our Medical Review Board Meredith Shur, MD Updated on September 20, 2019 WANDER WOMEN COLLECTIVE / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In general, breastfeeding is considered to be the best way to feed your baby during their first year of life. However, if you need to take medications or have an addiction to substances like recreational drugs or alcohol, you could harm your body. Its important to be upfront with your doctor with what medications or substances you use.  Your physician can help you decide what to do. Factors to Consider Before prescribing a medication, your doctor will consider:How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milkThe risk of short and longterm adverse (harmful) effects on your baby Drug Excretion in Breast Milk and Your Babys Exposure How much of the drug is excreted in your breast milk depends on the characteristics of the drug and how it enters your breast milk from your blood plasma. The milk-to-plasma drug concentration ratio relates to the proportion of the drug that is in your breast milk. However, this ratio varies over time, so it is not an absolute measure. Also, other factors affect how much of the drug is in an individuals breast milk. The actual level of exposure of the drug to the baby can be estimated by assuming the baby will drink a specific amount of milk per day, although, in reality, this varies. This is compared with the therapeutic dose of the drug, and the rate of clearance of the drug by the baby is also taken into accountâ€"the lower the level of clearance, the higher the babys exposure to the drug. For most drugs, it is not known at what level a dose will produce no effects on the baby. Therefore, a level of 10 percent of the therapeutic dose for infants (or the equivalent dose for adults, adjusted by body weight) is used. If the baby receives a dosage of less than 10% the drug exposure is generally be considered to be unimportant (although there are exceptions). Obviously, these calculations become a lot more difficult if you are using street drugs  because the concentrations of active ingredients are largely unknown. But your physician will be able to discuss the best course of action for you and your baby, including a safe plan for reducing and coming off drugs. There is more information on street drugs as well as legal and prescription drugs below. LactMed Data on Drugs and Chemicals in Breast Milk Research on the risk of harmful effects on infants from drugs in breast milk is sparse. It would be unethical to conduct a controlled study that might put a baby at risk by deliberately giving a breastfeeding mother drugs. However, there is some research available on babies whose mothers were already taking drugs while breastfeeding. The U.S. National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains a LactMed database on the most current information on adverse effects of drugs in breast milk. You can search their database for any drug or substance. A peer review panel scrutinizes the data. Here is what LactMed reports on the research of some common drugs in breast milk and their risks. Which Medications Are Safe to Take While Breastfeeding? Cocaine Cocaine and its breakdown products pass from the mother into the breast milk and babies are very sensitive to these substances. Babies exposed to cocaine through breast milk may experience extreme irritability, tremulousness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Marijuana/Cannabis Using marijuana and cannabis products when  breastfeeding  brings concerns that the neurotransmitter effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can affect the childs nervous system. One long-term study found that frequent use (daily or nearly daily) may cause delays in motor development. The effects of THC on the mother may impair her judgment and ability to care for the infant. Marijuana Use When Breastfeeding Methadone Methadone can cause sedation, respiratory depression, and  withdrawal  in babies who ingest it through breast milk. At higher doses, this is enough to cause death. However, some reports suggest that up to 20 milligrams per day may be taken by the mother while breastfeeding, while others suggest up to 80 milligrams per day. Methadone concentrations should be monitored in both the mothers breast milk and the babys blood if the mother is taking more than 20 milligrams of methadone a day. Buprenorphine has been suggested as a safer alternative. Alcohol Drinking alcohol while breastfeeding is not recommended. If you have successfully abstained from alcohol while pregnant, dont start drinking again while breastfeeding. If you have consumed alcohol during pregnancy, your child is at risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), so talk to your doctor as soon as possible about referring your child for early intervention, which may help your child with learning and development. Can You Drink Alcohol if Youre Breastfeeding? Research shows that babies nursed after the mother has had one or two drinks may  have agitation, poor sleep patterns, and  reduced milk intake, and the mother may have reduced milk ejection. Having one glass of wine or beer per day and waiting 2 to 2.5 hours before nursing is believed to be unlikely to cause problems. In general, alcohol is harmful to the brains and bodies of people regardless of their age, so bear this in mind and act responsibly. Painkillers There are many painkillers on the market, ranging from over-the-counter medications to prescription drugs. Some are known to increase the risk of neurobehavioral depression in babies exposed through breastmilk. Talk to your physician about the safest alternatives for you, and consider non-drug alternatives to pain relief, at least while breastfeeding. Caffeine Caffeine is one of our most widely accepted drugs, so little is written about the effects on babies. However, research says it appears in the breast milk soon after the mother drinks it. For high caffeine intake, infants have increased irritability and poor sleep patterns. LactMed says that experts recommend mothers limit themselves to 300 milligrams of caffeine per day. The caffeine content of drinks varies, so this may be as little as two to three cups of brewed coffee. Also take into account sodas, ice tea, and other sources. Nicotine and Smoking If you are smoking around your baby, you are increasing your babys  risk of conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asthma, regardless of whether you are breastfeeding. Quitting smoking is strongly advisable. However, using nicotine patches and other such replacements also delivers nicotine to the baby through breast milk, and it is the nicotine that is thought responsible for the SIDS risk. Instead, Bupropion is believed to be safe, or the mother could stop smoking without medication. Final Thoughts Remember, the current recommendation is to breastfeed to provide your baby with the best possible start in life. But be honest with yourself about whether it will really provide the best start. Discuss your alcohol and drug use in detail with your doctor, and follow their advice to the letter, especially regarding detox.

Impact Of Technology On New Business Models - 980 Words

2016 was a phase change year for many technology companies. Enterprises and service providers were forced to evaluate new business models, technologies. Knowledge and speed are the primary factors behind the technological disruptors that have affected nearly every industry, and 2017 will be a continuation of this disruption. Below are several predictions we believe will occur in 2017 and beyond: In 2017 most new IT projects will deploy and operate ‘Big’ Software Businesses are looking for capabilities that require a new class of software. Applications were once primarily composed of a single software instance running on a limited number of machines. Today, software and workloads like Cloud, Big Data The Internet of Things (IoT) have expanded the mix to be made up of multiple software components and integration points across thousands of physical and virtual machines. Software is getting ‘Big’ and within many organizations it has created an efficiency challenge and opportunity. Operating Big Software will require organizations to break away from legacy software and deployment models and explore new cloud-native tool sets and methods. No one will be ‘all in’ on any one thing With the explosion of cloud, companies have realized they have many options when it comes to deploying software into target environments. Options spanning cloud, bare metal, on-premise and off-premise are making service providers more competitive and customer choice has become broader. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Travel Agency Executives May Decide If They Need New Technology Into Business Models Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pagesmay positively impact business. Travel agency executives may decide if they need to adopt new technology into business models, if they want to survive in the industry. Role of the Researcher Researchers who perform qualitative case studies have many responsibilities. 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Another intelligent agent that we use is for our web transactions, which are thenRead MoreUse Of Technology Through Online Service Support And A Cloud Storage System1082 Words   |  5 Pagesservices are on the rise as technology and knowledge is easier to access. Companies, government, non-government institutions, individuals, and organizations each time rely more on IT services, adapting to the changing technology. Making IT consultant companies a more attractive and lucrative business. OxTech will provide to schools all aspects of IT support including network and wireless, website managemen t, server management among others. Also will facilitate the use of technology through online serviceRead MoreEssay Enviroï ¬ t International Case Study607 Words   |  3 Pagesneeded to make decisions about an appropriate business model that would allow the venture to meet the team’s desire for a triple bottom line impact, scalability, and ï ¬ nancial sustainability. In my opinion, they need a hybrid business model. Just like creating a suitable technology for that third world, the style of a business design must consider such constraints. Three primary constraints led the development from the business design. First, the business design required to provide the package towards

1)When You Developed Your Research Proposal, What Did You

1) When you developed your research proposal, what did you think Happy Dogs’ research need was? a. What was the problem they faced? What information did you think they needed to address it and improve their HRM practices? In my proposal, I identified minor objectives relating to retention. I then identified that all of these objectives had the verb ‘identify’ or a synonym of the verb. This led me to the problem of, and research needs relating to ‘unknown cause of walker retention’. I conveyed the information needed within the problem itself, as the ‘cause’ of walker retention. I believe this information would address the problem, and improve on organisational practices by identifying their current core HR rigidity. b. How did you think†¦show more content†¦3) Interpret Megan’s feedback. a. What does Megan’s feedback tell you about how you could improve the way you defined Happy Dogs’ research need and the information they need to address their problem? Megan’s feedback elaborated on my lack of systematic ‘what, who and how’ of various aspects, including my definition of Happy Dogs’ research need(s). From my interpretation, I could improve the way I define the problem by incorporating, what the research problems is (and affects), who the research problem impacts (and who can help resolve the problem), and how the research problem can be resolved. b. What does Megan’s feedback tell you about how you could improve the way you designed or explained your research design to get them the information they need? Implementing an overview of my research design would convey a ‘big picture’ to the audience. From my interpretation, I believe if I were to incorporate this into my explanation of my design, it would enable the audience to contextually understand what exactly the research design is, and how it ascertains the desired information; without any later confusion associated with overtly complex rhetoric. 4) Evaluate what you have learned from Megan’s feedback. If you were presenting your proposal to Megan again, a. What new insights do you now have about defining a research problem and a research need? How would you now explain Happy Dogs’ researchShow MoreRelatedEssay On How To Make Your App A Hit1049 Words   |  5 PagesHow To Make Your App A Hit App development companies find it discouraging that a lot of mobile apps fail even before launching them. Although there is so much competition in the world of enterprise app design services, that can’t be the reason for the failure of so many mobile apps. 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Astronomy From the Earth to the End of the Universe Free Essays

What is the universe? For something so mind numbingly large, it is quite simply to define – the universe is simply everything that exists. However let us ponder that question. Imagine a blind goldfish born and raised in a tiny fishbowl. We will write a custom essay sample on Astronomy: From the Earth to the End of the Universe or any similar topic only for you Order Now For that goldfish, the universe is the gallon of water, the glass boundary, and the sand and ornaments sitting at the bottom. While it is apparent to us the universe is much larger than that, for the fish that is the entire extent of the universe – a gallon of water, a glass bowl, some sand and the rain of fish food coming from above. In some ways, mankind is that blind fish, oblivious to the extent of the universe since his universe is defined only by what he can perceive and observe. Astronomy can be seen as a tool by which mankind slowly grew his universe, from his planet, to his solar system, to his galaxy to 156 billion light years wide thing that we call our universe today. One could argue that astronomy is the first science to emerge, beating out physics, biology, chemistry and other fields of study in occupying mankind’s academic curiosity. We can say this because astronomical phenomena are probably one of the first observations made by our ancestors. It does not take a knowledge or curiosity of science to notice the presence of night and day. It does not take a scholar to notice that the sun rises in the same direction and sets in the opposite direction day after day. Primitive man looked at the moon and would notice its changing shape and the fact that on some days it is present and on some days it is not. One does not need a telescope to notice those numerous twinkling points of light in the sky called stars. Even without possessing the astronomical tools we have today, ancient civilizations have created numerous ways to observe and catalogue the behavior of celestial bodies. The concept of a calendar was based around the changing patterns of stars in the heavens. Knowledge of such patterns became important for ancient farmers as the presence of specific patterns in the sky could tell them that it is time to plant, another set of patterns would tell them that it is a good time to harvest, and another set of patterns could tell the imminence of the annual flooding of the river. For early man, the connection between movements of stars and the events unfolding in his midst were clear. Knowledge of celestial movements aid him feed himself and his family. With such heavenly foretelling, the development of a feeling of connection between the Gods and the stars is hardly surprising. Huge monuments were erected to serve as observatories for these events. Monuments to the gods were created to align with celestial behavior. Stonehenge in Britain served as a stencil for solar motion. In Chichen Itza, pyramids and towers dedicated to the gods also served as astronomical observatories. How to cite Astronomy: From the Earth to the End of the Universe, Papers

Annotated Bibliography Arts Education Essay Example For Students

Annotated Bibliography: Arts Education Essay Arts Education in America: An Annotated Bibliography Statement of Scope: The purpose of this bibliography is to attain information from credible sources on arts programs in schools. The goal is to provide enough information so that the reader is then able to form their own opinions on the benefits, problems, and policies on arts programs at varying levels of education. Those looking to find detailed information Will find this bibliography to be a good starting point Parsed, B. , and Spiegel, M. 2012. Arts Education in Public Elementary and secondary schools: 1993-2000 and 2009-10 (ONCE 2012-014). National center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, LISP. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Web. Jan. 2013 This source is a presentation of unbiased information about both the overall arts education programs and specific sections including: visual arts, music, dance, and theater/drama. The report utilizes a plethora of charts, graphs, and other visual aids to help organize and present the information. Parsed and Spiegel first present their findings on overall arts education programs including the percentages Of schools offering visual arts, music, dance and heater classes. They then dedicate ten to tinted pages discussing the particulars of each section of the arts listed above, There is so much information in this article that it would be great for someone looking for a broad spectrum understanding of arts education programs. The visual aids complement the information presented and would be easy to incorporate into a variety of works. Poor someone who is looking to get very specific information about a specific program then this would be a good source to start with, the way the report is divided makes it very easy to find information n a specific sections of an arts program, i. E. Music or drama. It would provide the reader With enough information that they could ask their own questions and be able to look further into a specific topic. Cathedral, Dumas, and Handmade- Thompson. March 2012. The arts and achievement in at-risk youth findings from four longitudinal studies. National Endowment for the Arts. Research Report #55). Web. 24 Jan. 2013. This research report is a presentation of years of studies conducted by the National Endowment for the Arts and similar organizations, most being government funded. The authors arrange the report in such a way that the bulk of the report is given through the use of visual graphs and charts, which are accompanied by conclusive statements like Teenagers and young adults of low socioeconomic status (SEES) who have a history of in-depth arts involvement show better academic outcomes than do low-SEES youth who have less arts involvement. They earn better grades and demonstrate higher rates of college enrollment and attainment. (12) Most of the graphs simply relate percentages of students with low and high levels of art engagement to achieve certain things like sigh school graduation, entering a bachelors program, and attaining a steady professional level career. For every study and graph presented or reviewed there is clearly cited sources, if any confusion remains the appendix and cited pages are very clear about how to find more information. Being that this is a report of findings from a national organization it is not biased to or for support Of arts programs. For anyone looking for specific statistics to use in a presentation or report Of their own, this research report could be very helpful. As previously stated the bulk of the information is presented through graphs and charts that utilize percentages, and is therefore very easy to take and use in a presentation without having to do much work yourself. .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .postImageUrl , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:hover , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:visited , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:active { border:0!important; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:active , .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414 .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28e217a360ce35dd041c3ea487ff2414:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: B R Richardson Timber Product Corporation Commerce EssayFor someone looking for a more scholarly breakdown of the benefits of arts education on high-risk students this report Will not be as helpful, as it would be time consuming to trace the information presented back to the original sources. Dwyer, M. Christine. 2011. Reinvesting in Arts Education: Winning Americas Future through Creative Schools. Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. The reports emphasizes the essential role that arts education programs play n improving student engagement and building creativity. DVD,year discusses, in a lengthy and wordy overview, the current Arts Education programs and policies shortcomings. It is widely agreed that the IS. S, public education system is not adequately serving a significant portion of our nations children and that public K-12 schools must change dramatically to achieve the Administrations goal that the United States become a global leader in postsecondary attainment by 2020.. School leaders and teachers will need to step up to the challenge of finding new ways to engage many more students in meaningful learning 27) More importantly, this report discusses possible solutions such as reinvesting in arts education, and argues for creating arts-rich schools that can engage students in ways that complement the study Of the arts and Other traditional subjects such as literature, history, science, and mathematics. Another key takeaway from this report is it shows readers the link between arts education and achievement in other subjects. Being that t his source is a report by the Presidents Committee on the Arts and the Humanities, it attempts to present evidence to support the sections of the president and his corresponding political party. As political and wordy as this report is it would most likely benefit someone looking into the politics side of arts education, it would not be as helpful for someone looking for developmental and long term benefits of art involvement in schools. Rabin, Heeders. 2011. Arts Education in America: What the Declines Mean for Arts Participation. Based on the 2008 Survey of Public Participation in the Arts. National Endowment for the Arts, (Research Report #52). Web, 24 Jan, 2013. This report presents its findings after researching important question related to arts education in America, Questions like: Has participation in arts programs declined? What does it mean for teachers and students? How has this affected participation in other extracurricular activities? How does this affect support for programs? The article presents the questions to the reader and then follows up with information that supports both positive and negative claims about the answer. Charts are used when needed to simplify information into an easily digestible visual aid. There are numerous sources used as evidence for the information presented, as well as suggestions for further investigation into the questions presented. This report has a very neutral stance towards the information presented. There is good information presented for varying arguments and the ultimate decision is left to the reader. This source would be a fair report to use in a work, especially if in an argumentative essay you need information for the view that opposes yours. However for someone looking for highly specific information this report Will only be useful for an introduction into the questions being asked about the national education programs. Extort, David W. 2012. The Place of Arts in Liberal Education. Liberal Education, via no pop-41 SSP 2012. Extort uses a great deal of logic to explain his opinion on the place of arts in liberal education and he uses statistics to support his views. In his article, he states that diversity in the curriculum is a keystone to success in any liberal education program. He also claims that part of that diversity needs to include a program where students can express their creativity, Being able to express their creativity and the stimulation provided by arts programs lead to more successful students, both in academics, community involvement, and professional work environments. .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .postImageUrl , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:hover , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:visited , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:active { border:0!important; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:active , .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666 .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u33d1c2e1dc1f6d9fb44ef1df2da2c666:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alice in Credit Card Land EssayThis article is a good source of simple and sound logic in support of arts programs being included in all liberal education. Extorts statements and presentation of the information is biased towards supports arts programs, but he always includes evidence to support his ideas. Also, while he does not approve of excluding arts in liberal education there is never any negativity in his statements, only more supporting evidence for his ideas. Some readers will find this article to be dry and uninteresting unless they already have some knowledge and opinions on the place of arts in education programs.

The Bulgarian And Soviet Virus Factories Essays - Computer Viruses

The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories ======================================== Vesselin Bontchev, Director Laboratory of Computer Virology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 0) Abstract =========== It is now well known that Bulgaria is leader in computer virus production and the USSR is following closely. This paper tries to answer the main questions: Who makes viruses there, What viruses are made, and Why this is done. It also underlines the impact of this process on the West, as well as on the national software industry. 1) How the story began ====================== Just three years ago there were no computer viruses in Bulgaria. After all, these were things that can happen only in the capitalist countries. They were first mentioned in the April issue of the Bulgarian computer magazine "Komputar za vas" ("Computer for you") [KV88] in a paper, translated from the German magazine "Chip" [Chip]. Soon after that, the same Bulgarian magazine published an article [KV89]], explaining why computer viruses cannot be dangerous. The arguments presented were, in general, correct, but the author had completely missed the fact that the majority of PC users are not experienced programmers. A few months later, in the fall of the same year, two men came in the editor's office of the magazine and claimed that they have found a computer virus. Careful examination showed that it was the VIENNA virus. At that time the computer virus was a completely new idea for us. To make a computer program, whose performance resembles a live being, is able to replicate and to move from computer to computer even against the will of the user, seemed extremely exciting. The fact that "it can be done" and that even "it had been done" spread in our country like wildfire. Soon hackers obtained a copy of the virus and began to hack it. It was noticed that the program contains no "black magic" and that it was even quite sloppily written. Soon new, home--made and improved versions appeared. Some of them were produced just by assembling the disassembly of the virus using a better optimizing assembler. Some were optimized by hand. As a result, now there are several versions of this virus, that were created in Bulgaria --- versions with infective lengths of 627, 623, 622, 435, 367, 353 and even 348 bytes. The virus has been made almost two times shorter (its original infective length is 648 bytes) without any loss of functionality. This virus was the first case. Soon after that, we were "visited" by the CASCADE and the PING PONG viruses. The later was the first boot--sector virus and proved that this special area, present on every diskette can be used as a virus carrier, too. All these three viruses were probably imported with illegal copies of pirated programs. 2) Who, What & Why. =================== 2.1) The first Bulgarian virus. ------------------------------- At that time both known viruses that infected files ( VIENNA and CASCADE) infected only COM files. This made me believe that the infection of EXE files was much more difficult. Unfortunately, I made the mistake by telling my opinion to a friend of mine. Let's call him "V.B." for privacy reasons.(1) ................................................................... [(1) These are the initials of his true name. It will be the same with the other virus writers that I shall mention. Please note, that while I have the same initials (and even his full name resembles mine), we are two different persons.] ................................................................... The challenge was taken immediately and soon after that I received a simple virus that was able to infect only EXE files. It is now known to the world under the name of OLD YANKEE. The reason for this is that when the virus infects a new file, it plays the "Yankee Doodle" melody. The virus itself was quite trivial. Its only feature was its ability to infect EXE files. The author of this virus even distributed its source code (or, more exactly, the source code of the program that releases it). Nevertheless, the virus did not spread very widely and even had not been modified a lot. Only a few sites reported to be infected by it. Probably the reason for this was the fact, that the virus was non--resident and that it infected files only on the current drive. So the only possibility to get infected by it was to copy an infected file from one computer to another. When the puzzle of creating a virus which is able to infect EXE files was solved, V.B. lost his interest in this field and didn't write any other viruses. As far as I know, he currently works in real--time signal processing. 2.2)

O Captain, My Captain!

O Captain, My Captain! O Captain, My Captain! O Captain, My Captain! By Maeve Maddox Reader Cathy poses this question: Is the proper use of helm at the helm or under the helm? She gives this example of the use of the latter: The tennis team, under the helm of second-year head coach John Doe, advanced to the championship round. What we have here is the decomposition of a dead metaphor. The word helm has more than one meaning in English, but in the context of leadership it derives from a metaphorical use of this definition: helm: the handle or tiller, in large ships the wheel, by which the rudder is managed. The mariner guiding the ship stands at the helm. Metaphorically, anyone in charge of an endeavor is at the helm. The word can also be used as a verb: Early talkies were helmed by producers who had learned their trade with silent films. A new coach takes the helm. If the team he has been hired to lead is under the helm, the players must be lying about on the deck. However†¦ A search of under the helm brought two million Google hits. Clearly a lot of writers are using the expression. To answer the readers question, at the helm is the proper version, but the wide use of under the helm may signal a new incarnation of a dead metaphor. Helm may be taking on the new definition of leadership. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing50 Idioms About Roads and PathsGlimpse and Glance: Same or Different?

Connection of the lamb to the slaughter and real life story of using Speech or Presentation

Connection of the lamb to the slaughter and real life story of using food as a weapon - Speech or Presentation Example The story was about Mary Maloney who was pregnant and learned through her husband Patrick’s behaviors and subtle language that he will leave her. Then she offered to prepare the dinner for her husband Patrick where he refused because he is going out. And when he stared out of the window, Mary Maloney mindlessly strike him at the back of his head and killed her husband Patrick. After which, Mary realized the horror of what she did that she just killed her husband. Thoughts raged through her head and she realized that she cannot go to jail to spare her child. She pondered then what should she do to get away with murder and concluded that she has to make an alibi so that she will not be implicated with the murder of her husband. She went to a grocery store as an alibi and talked to people to indicate that she is out of the house when her husband Patrick was killed. She went back home and acted surprise and called the police to report the murder of her husband. When the police arr ived and investigated, they never suspected that it was in fact Mary who killed her husband with the frozen lamb leg. Worst, Mary offered the lamb to the policemen that she was supposed to cook for her husband Patrick. The policeman then ate the very weapon that they are looking for that could identify the murderer of Patrick Maloney. Thus in this narrative, the lamb or the frozen lamb leg to be specific was connected to slaughter of Patrick Maloney by being the tool of murder that the policemen were made to ate. The lamb however was more than the weapon of slaughter in this story. It is symbolic that even those seemingly harmless things can become a weapon of slaughter. It bears to ask why did Roald Dahl use frozen leg lamb? Why not beef’s leg or pig’s leg which are bigger? It is because lamb symbolizes meekness and harmlessness which could fool people such as the police who were made to eat the lamb which was the weapon that they were looking for. Who would have thou ght in the first place that a lamb could be used as a weapon to kill? Not only that it is harmless as an animal but also delectable as a food. This concept of using seemingly harmless things such as food as weapon is no longer new. Throughout history food has been used as a weapon to kill enemies because again, food looks so harmless in addition to a necessity that we all have to eat. Thus, foods are weaponize by adding poison to them so that they could kill the unsuspecting enemy. The type of poison that can be added is wide ranging that can include anything from adding to bacteria, virus and chemical compounds to make the foods that is supposed to nourish to become lethal and deadly. The modern use of food as weapon may no longer be as a batting tool to strike its victim just like Mary did to her husband Patrick. For one, it is impractical to freeze a lamb leg just for it to be used as a weapon. Second, assuming that it has been frozen, it cannot stay hard for a long time to remai n as a weapon. And if indeed it will be used as a weapon, it is ineffective as a dangerous weapon. It may have killed Patrick in the short of Roald Dahl’s "Lamb to the Slaughter" but it may not have been intentional and could be more of an accident. Mary did not plan to murder her husband but perhaps as a mindless reaction when she learned that her husband Patrick will leave her. But it illustrated how food can become inconspicuous when used as a weapon. We can only hope that the use of food as a

Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Article - Essay Example (Krawczyk, M.et.al, 2008, p. 136). The study concludes that the CC-genotype, BTH and genotype correlate perfectly, and the genetic test provides an unambiguous result. In both positive individual with a negative genetic test there is good reason to suspect secondary causes of lactase deficiency. (Krawczyk, M.et.al, 2008, p.138). In the study 58 consecutives patients are chosen (25 males, 33 females; median age 41 years, range 18 – 82 years) recruited prospectively between April 2005 and July 2007. (Krawczyk, M.et.al, 2008, p.137). These patients were referred by the department with non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms consistent with lactose intolerance (i.e., bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea).All participants signed an informed consent form, and the study was conducted according to a study design approved by the local ethical committee. (Krawczyk, M.et.al, 2008, p.137). The method in genetic test includes the use of a Peripheral venous blood samples for DNA testing were obtained from all patients. DNA was isolated using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The genotyping procedure consisted of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and SNP detection of the -13,910C>T variant using SNaPshot minisequencing (Applera, Norwalk,CT). (Krawczyk, M.et.al, 2008, p.136). For Hydrogen breathe test (BTH), it was performed after at least 12 hours overnight fasting. All patients were obliged to restrain from cigarette smoking before the test. Additionally, individuals who underwent colonoscopy or were taking any antibiotics in the fortnight before the test were excluded from the study. The test was performed after ingestion of 50 g of lactose diluted in 300 ml of water. The amount of exhaled hydrogen was measured in parts per million (ppm) before lactose ingestion (baseline), every 10 minutes during the first hour and every 20 minutes

Ignorance Of Physical Health In Mental Illness

Ignorance Of Physical Health In Mental Illness According to World health organization, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. From this definition it can be inferred that health includes three major aspects and consideration of all aspects of health while providing care to the patients is very important. This definition applies on both psychiatric and medicine field because without holistic care it is impossible to achieve a complete state of wellbeing. The health care professionals taking care of physically ill patients also consider their mental health (Sturgeon, 2007). On the other hand physical health of patients with serious mental illness is neglected which leads to high premature mortality rates in this population group (brown, 2012).Writing on this topic will help in understanding about importance of holistic care in mental health care setting. According to (Thornicroft, 2011) 20-year mortality gap for men, and 15 years for women, is still experienced by people with mental illness in high-income countries. The combination of lifestyle risk factors for chronic diseases, higher rates of unnatural deaths and Poorer physical healthcare contributes to this scandal of premature mortality. It shows that high mortality rate in mentally ill patients is due to the ignorance of physical health so it is important to consider the physical health of such patients to maintain good quality of life. Likewise, I have witnessed the ignorance of physical health during clinical in Karwan-e-Hayat.18 years old female was admitted in Karwan-e-Hayat with diagnose of schizophrenia. On clinical day I saw that she was sitting in her bed shivering and constantly going to wash room. I informed staff about her condition but they ignored and say she will be all right. Next day she was in same situation, looking very tired and anxious again I informed staff but they did not do anything. Next week when we went there I asked staff about her condition they told that she was suffering from severe diarrhea and was admitted in Zia-u-din hospital. Reflecting on this scenario its very upsetting that staff are ignoring physical health of patients which leads to more distortion of their health, economic burden, and many other unexpected out comes such as death and serious illnesses. Mentally ill patients are more prone to physical illness then the general population because of many reasons such as lack of exercise, high rates of smoking and poorer diet contributes to higher rates of hypertension, high plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory illness etc. (Chacà ³n, 2011). Moreover some researches also show that there is strong genetic relationship between some psychological and physiological illness such as diabetes and schizophrenia that people with diabetes have the tendency to get schizophrenia. Patients with severe mental illness are unable to maintain a healthy behavior which leads to many serious physical illnesses. So it is the duty of health care professionals to provide holistic care to these patients. Further somatic pain is also a reason for example, when such patient complains about pain staff perceives it as somatic delusion and they did not do any assessment which leads to further con sequences. Thornicroft (2011) states there are many barriers which contribute to physical illness. He gives the concept of diagnostic overshadowing that people with mental illness receive worse treatment for physical disorders. For example people with co-morbid mental illness and diabetes that presented to an emergency department, were less likely to be admitted to hospital for diabetic complications than those with no mental illness. It may be also due to the negative stereotyping and stigma related to the illness. Furthermore workload and shortage of staff is a factor because of workload the staff is unable to give time to individual patient. On the other hand lack of trained staff, lack and ignorance of daily assessment by trained staff leads to various physical health problems in mentally ill patients. For example in the above mentioned scenario the patient was shivering and was frequently going to washroom but the staff did not take notice of it and later it was found that the patient was having severe diarrhea. Brown(2012) added that health disparities experienced by these people is due to poverty, social isolation, problems accessing health assessment or lack of resources from management like tools and equipments to assess the physical symptoms of patients e.g. there is no BP cough to assess the BP of patients. Moreover mentally ill patients are unable to identify problem in their own body because of altered thought process and side effects of psychotic medication such as seizures, hypotension extra pyramidal symptoms these all factors contribute to serious physical illnesses. According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs physical needs and health are most important to be fulfilled. He says that physiological needs are deficiency needs, meaning that these needs are important in order to avoid unpleasant consequences. These physiological needs include the most basic needs that are important to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, sleep, and health. So from this model we can infer that physical health and needs are very important in order to maintain a healthy life. Mentally ill people are appearing to give less priority to their physical health needs. Health promotion for such people should aim to raise awareness of variable high-risk lifestyle factors and their control (Buhagiar, 2011). For example it is the responsibility of health care providers and family members to provide awareness to the clients about reducing risk factors that cause physical illness such as sedentary life style, smoking, drug abuse, and consumption of unhealthy diet. Additionally (Buhagiar, 2011)added that locus of control in mentally ill patients is external as compared to physically ill patients, so here comes the main role of health care providers and family members to change their behavior and performing daily assessment of such patients. The timely assessment will help care givers to act pro-actively and take prophylactic measures to control behaviors and diseases in mentally ill patients. Furthermore (Tsay, 2007) explain that we need multidimensional strategy to reduce disparities in physical health of mentally ill patients. For example integration of mental and physical health services will be of some benefit like in above discussed scenario the patient was only receiving care for mental illness, so to provide holistic care the management of such organizations should focus on both mental and physical aspects of health and make sure the availability of physicians and equipments needed for the assessment, treatment and health promotion of such patients. In addition (brown, 2012) mental health nurses and clinicians should play an active role in health promotion, primary prevention and the early detection and management of physical health problems. This would only be achieved when the health care providers are trained and competent in their skills such as therapeutic communication, proper physical assessment, and other psychomotor skills. So the management of any health care organization should arrange different training sessions for providing latest and reliable information that will help staff to provide holistic care, to refresh their knowledge with new researches and make sure the ongoing evaluation and analysis of training sessions. Thus the improvement in all these aspects will help care givers to provide holistic care to mentally ill patients and contribute to complete state of wellbeing. In conclusion, the physical health of mentally ill patients should be part of the field of action of psychiatric practitioners. Health consists of physical, mental, and social aspects, consideration of all three aspects is very essential; change in one aspect will lead to distortion of health. There for it is the duty of health organizations and health care providers to prevent illness promote and restore health and to do screening, diagnosis, and treat physical illness of mentally ill patients. Here my suggestion is that as health care professional we have to consider all three aspects of health and it is our duty to provide holistic care to the patients to achieve a complete state of health.

Business Task 1 on individual report Essay

Despite its future economic prospects, the United Arab Emirates continues to suffer from corporate governance issues. The development of corporate governance in the region has largely been influenced by religion (Gellis et al., 2002). The rules governing the practice of corporate governance have been significantly influenced by Islamic Sharia. This reflects the cultural and religious characteristic of the region (Islam and Hussain, 2003). Islamic Sharia specifies a number of core values such as trust, integrity, honesty and justice which are similar to the core values of corporate governance codes in the West. However, a survey of corporate governance in a number of Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates suggests that the region continues to suffer from corporate governance weaknesses. 2.0 Reasons for the structure including use of suitable evidence and data                  The structure of the above sectors and reasons for the structure and effects on the performance of firms has been vital subject of debate in the finance literature. Empirical evidence suggests that privately held firms tend to be more efficient and more profitable than publicly held firms. This shows that ownership structure matters. The question now is how does it affect firm performance and why this kind of structure? This question is significant since it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al. (1998; 1999; 2000). According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their firms thus resulting in a concentrated ownership structure. This finding is interesting because it implies that ownership structure can affect the performance of the firm in one way or the other. It is indisputable; the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of cash for their own personal interest a low control level. The empirical results from the past studies of impacts of ownership structure on performance of corporate have been inconclusive and mixed up (Turki, 2012). In response to corporate governance issues and their impact on corporate performance, Shleifer and Vishny (1997); and Jensen (2000) have suggested the need for improved corporate governance structures so as to enhance transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance reform and the introduction of innovative methods to limit abuse of power by top management have been justified by recent large scale accounting and corporate failures such as Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco International, Adelphia, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Cendant and the recent global financial crisis. According to Monks and Minow (1996) numerous corporate failures suggest that existing corporate governance structures are not working effectively. Corporate failures and accounting scandals initially appear to a U.S phenomenon, resulting from excessive greed by investors, overheated equity markets, and a winner-take-all mind-set of the U.S society. However, the last decade has shown that irregularities in accounting, managerial greed, abuse of power, are global phenomenon that cannot be limited to the U.S. Many non-U.S firms such as Parallax, Adecco, TV Azteca, Hollinger, Royal Dutch Shell, Vivendi, China Aviation, Barings Bank, etc. have witnessed failures in corporate governance and other forms of corporate mishaps. In addition to corporate governance failures, global standards have declined significantly and unethical and questionable practices have become widely accepted. The net impact has been a reduction in the amount of faith that investors and shareholders have in the efficiency of capital markets. There is no universally accepted corporate governance model that the interest of shareholders and investors are adequately protected as well as ensuring that enough shareholder wealth is being created (Donaldson and Davis, 2001; Huse, 1995; Frentrop, 2003). Much of the debate on corporate governance has focused on understanding whether the Board of Directors has enough power to ensure that top management is making the right decision. The traditional corporate governance framework often ignores the unique effect that the owners of the firm can have on the board and thus the firm’s top management. The traditional framework therefore ignores that fact that the owners of the firm can influence the board and thus top management to act of make particular decisions. Corporate governance studies are therefore yet to identify and deal with the complexities that are inherent in corporate governance processes (Jensen, 2000; Shleifer, 2001; Frentrop, 2003; Donaldson and Davis, 2001; Huse, 1995). Investment choices and owner preferences are affected among other things by the extent their degree of risk aversion. Owners who have economic relations with the firm will be interested in protecting their interests even if it is reasonably evident that such protection will result in poor performance. According to Thomsen and Pedersen (1997) banks that play a dual role as owners and lenders would discourage high risk projects with great profit potential because such projects may hinder the firm from meeting its financial obligations if the project fails to realize its expected cash flows. The government also plays a dual role in that it serves as both an owner and a regulator. Therefore owners who play a dual role in the firm often face a trade-off between promoting the creation of shareholder value and meeting their other specific objectives (Hill and Jones, 1992). Existing corporate governance frameworks have often ignored these issues in UAE. Rather, much of the emphasis has been on the effectiveness of the board in ensuring that top management is working towards meeting the goals of shareholders. Present corporate governance frameworks lack the ability to monitor owners and their influence on top management. The framework lacks the ability to align the role played by firm owners, board of directors and managers’ interests and actions with the creation of shareholder value and welfare motivation of stakeholders. Discussion of the possible future structure of the industry                The United Arabs Emirates, and mainly Abu Dhabi, is enduring to increase its economy by reducing the total proportion impact of hydrocarbons to Gross Domestic Product. This is currently being done by growing investment in sector areas like: services in telecommunication, education, media, healthcare, tourism, aviation, metals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, transportation and trade. Significant investments have been made by United Arab Emirates to establish itself as a regional trade hub. United Arab Emirates is also member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition, there are ongoing negotiations to establish free trade agreements with other regions and countries such as the EU. These factors will contribute positively to the region’s integration into the global economy. United Arab Emirates is currently working towards diversifying their economies from the oil sector into other sectors. This diversification is expected not only to increase trade among member countries but also to increase the region’s trade with other countries and regions (Sturm et al., 2008). How the structure affects strategy decisions                  Ownership structure has an impact on firm performance in United Arab Emirates energy production owned sector. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region is also facing turbulent times with respect to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the United Arabs Emirates as part of GCC Countries. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). As a result, there has been an interest in the research attention accorded to corporate governance. The credibility of current corporate governance structures has come under scrutiny owing to recent corporate failures and low corporate performance across the world. The risk aversion of the firm can be directly affected by the ownership structure in place. Agency problems occur as a result of divergence in interests between principals (owners) and agents (managers) (Leech and Leahy, 1991). The board of directors is thereby regarded as an intermediary between managers and owners. The board of directors plays four important roles in the firm. These include monitoring, stewardship, monitoring and reporting. The board of directors monitors and controls the discretion of top management. The board of directors influences managerial discretion in two ways: internal influences which are imposed by the board and external influences which relate to the role played by the market in monitoring and sanctioning managers (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; 2000). B: Contribution of the sector to the economy of your chosen country Analysis of contribution of sector                United Arab Emirates remain major global economic player because it has the highest oil reserves. UAE together with the other Gulf Cooperation Council accounts for over 40% of global oil reserves and remains important in supplying the global economy with oil in future. As a result, investment spending on oil exploration and development of new oil fields is on the rise (Sturm et al., 2008). Global oil demand is currently on the rise. This growth is driven mainly by emerging market economies, as well as the oil producing UAE as part of GCC countries. In addition, Europe and the U.S are witnessing depletions in their oil reserves. This means that these regions will become increasingly dependent on the Gulf region which includes UAE for the supply of oil (Sturm et al., 2008). The importance of the United Arabs Emirates as a global economic player is therefore expected to increase dramatically in the near future Use of appropriate data and other evidence                  By the year 2011, the GDP of United Arab Emirates totaled to 360.2 billion dollars. Subsequently in 2001, yearly growth of GNP varied from about 7.4% to 30.7%. As part of the chief crude oil suppliers, the United Arab Emirates was at first cut off from the universal recession by high prices on oil that rose to a record 147 US dollars per barrel in the month of July in 2008. Nevertheless, the nation was ultimately influenced by the excavating worldwide recession which resulted to a decline in oil demand, reducing the oil prices to a reduced amount not exceeding a third of the peak of July 2008. In the last 2008 months, the trembles rumbling through global economies were lastly experienced in this section. Oil (million barrels)       Proved reserves, 2013 Total oil supply (thousand bbl/d), 2012 Total petroleum consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio 97,800 3,213 618 95 Natural Gas (billion cubic feet) Proved reserves, 2013 Dry natural gas production, 2012 Dry natural gas consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio 215,025 1,854 2,235 116 UAE summary energy statistics C: Critical appraisal of sustainability targets on business plan of your chosen organisation Oil firms in United Arab Emirates is still quite immature. Most businesses are controlled by a few shareholders and family ownership is prevalent. Most large and small businesses are family businesses (Saidi, 2004). The state is also significantly involved in the management of companies (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). This is contrary to the status quo in Western democracies where firms are owned by a diverse group of shareholders which makes ownership to be completely separated from control. The ownership structure in United Arab Emirates suggests that stewardship and monitoring aspects of non-executive directors (NEDs) is absent in firms based in United Arab Emirates. Ownership concentration has remained high in the region because of practices such as rights issues which enable existing wealthy shareholders, and influential families to subscribe to new shares in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) (Musa, 2002). According to a study of the corporate governance practices of five countries by the Union of Arab Banks (2003), ownership of corporations is concentrated in the hands of families. In addition, corporate boards are dominated by controlling shareholders, their relatives and friends (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). There is a no clear separation between control and ownership. Decision making is dominated by shareholders. The number of independent directors in the board is very small and the functions of the CEO and Chairman are carried out by the same person. The high concentration in firm ownership therefore undermines the principles of good corporate governance that are prevalent in western settings (Yasin and Shehab, 2004). This evidence is consistent with findings by the World Bank (2003) in an investigation of corporate governance practices in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region which also includes the Gulf region. 1.0 Objective of empirical evidence                  The empirical evidence on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance is mixed. Different studies have made use of different samples to arrive at different, contradictory and sometimes difficult to compare conclusions. The literature suggests that there are two main ownership structures in firm including dispersed ownership and concentrated ownership. With respect to concentrated ownership, most of the empirical evidence suggests that concentrated ownership negatively affects performance (e.g., Johnson et al., 2000; Gugler and Weigand, 2003; Grosfeld, 2006; Holmstrom and Tirole, 1993). Different studies have also focused on how specifically concentrated ownership structures affect firm performance. For example, with respect to government ownership, Jefferson (1998), Stiglitz (1996), and Sun et al. (2002) provide theoretical arguments that government ownership is likely to positively affect firm performance because government ownership can facili tate the resolution of issues regarding the ambiguous property rights. However, Xu and Wang (1999) and Sun and Tong (2003) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a negative impact on firm performance. On the contrary, Sun et al. (2002) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a positive impact on firm performance. It has also been argued that the relationship between government ownership and firm performance is non-linear. Another commonly investigated ownership type and its impact on firm performance is family ownership. Anderson and Reeb (2003), Villanonga and Amit (2006), Maury (2006), Barontini and Caprio (2006), and Pindado et al. (2008) suggest that there is a positive link between family ownership and firm performance. Despite the positive impact some studies argue that the impact of family ownership is negative. The impact of foreign ownership has also been investigated. Most of the evidence suggests that foreign ownership has a positive impact on firm performance (e.g., Arnold and Javorcik, 2005; Petkova, 2008; Girma, 2005; Girma and Georg, 2006; Girma et al., 2007; Chari et al., 2011; Mattes, 2008).With respect to managerial ownership, it has been argued that the relationship is likely to be positive (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Chen et al., 2005; Drobetz et al., 2005). Despite this suggestion Demsetz and Lehn (1985) observe a negative relationship between dispersed ownership and firm performance. Institutional ownership has also been found to have a positive impact on firm performance (e.g. McConnell and Servaes, 1990; Han and Suk, 1998; Tsai and Gu, 2007). Furthermore, some studies suggest that there is no link between insider ownership and performance . Very limited studies have been conducted on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance in GCC countries like UAE. For example, Arouri et al. (2013) provide evidence that bank performance is affected by family ownership, foreign ownership and institutional ownership and that there is no significant impact of government ownership on bank performance. Zeitun and Al-Kawari (2012) observe a significant positive impact of government ownership on firm performance in the Gulf region. The pervasive endogeneity of ownership has been cited as a potential reason why it is difficult to disentangle the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. In addition, the relation may be a function of the type of firm as well as the period of observation in the life of the firm. This study is motivated by the mixed results obtained in previous studies and the limited number of studies that have focused on UAE as part of GCC countries. The objective of the study is to explore in more details the factors that motivate particular types of ownership structure and the potential impact of ownership structure and firm performance in the Gulf region 2.0 Empirical Evidence                The empirical evidence will focus on how different ownership structures affect firm performance. Firms are often characterized by concentrated and dispersed ownership. Concentrated ownership is expected to have a positive impact on firm performance owning to the increased monitoring that it provides (Grosfeld, 2006). Dispersed ownership has been found to be less frequent than expected. Empirical evidence suggests that most firms are characterized by various forms of ownership concentration (La Porta et al., 1999). Given this high level of ownership concentration, there has been an increasing concern over the protection of the rights of non-controlling shareholders (Johnson et al., 2000; Gugler and Weigand, 2003). Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration at best results in poor performance. Concentrated ownership is costly and has the potential of promoting the exploitation of non-controlling shareholders by controlling shareholders (Grosfeld, 2006). Holmstrom and Tirole (1993) argue that concentrated ownership can contribute to poor liquidity, which can in turn negatively affect performance. In addition, high ownership concentration limits the ability of the firm to diversify. There are various forms of concentrated ownership such as government ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. In the next section, the literature review will focus on how these separate ownership structures affect firm performance. 2.1.1 Government Ownership                  The impact of government ownership on firm performance has attracted the attention of many researchers because the government accounts for the largest proportion of shares of listed companies in some countries and also because government ownership can be used as an instrument of intervention by the government (Kang and Kim, 2012). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) suggest that government ownership can contribute to poor firm performance because Government Owned enterprises often face political pressure for excessive employment. In addition, it is often difficult to monitor managers of government owned enterprises and there is often a lack of interest in carrying out business process reengineering (Shleifer and Vishny, 1996; Kang and Kim, 2012). Contrary to Shleifer and Vishny (1997) some economists have argued that government ownership can improve firm performance in less developed and emerging economies in particular. This is because government ownership can fa cilitate the resolution of issues with respect to ambiguous property rights. The empirical evidence on the impact of state ownership on firm performance is mixed. For example, Xu and Wang (1999) provide evidence of a negative relationship between state ownership and firm performance based on data for Chinese listed firms over the period 1993-1995. The study, however, fails to find any link between the market-to-book ratio and state ownership (Xu and Wang, 1999). Sun and Tong (2003) employ ownership data from 1994 to 2000 and compares legal person ownership with government ownership. The study provides evidence that government ownership negatively affects firm performance while legal person ownership positively affects firm performance. This conclusion is based on the market-to-book ratio as the measure of firm performance. However, using return on sales or gross earnings as the measure of firm performance, the study provides evidence that government ownership has no effect on firm performance. Sun et al. (2002) provide contrary evidence from above. Using data over the period 1994-1997, Sun et al. (2002) provide evidence that both legal person ownership and government ownership had a positive effect on firm performance. They explain their results by suggesting that legal person ownership is another form of government ownership. The above studies treat the relationship between government ownership and firm performance as linear. However it has been argued that the relationship is not linear. Huang and Xiao (2012) provide evidence that government ownership has a negative net effect on performance in transition economies. La Porta et al. (2002) provide evidence across 92 countries that government ownership of banks contributes negatively to bank performance. The evidence is consistent with Dinc (2005) and Brown and Dinc (2005) who investigate government ownership banks in the U.S. 2.1.2 Family Ownership               Family ownership is very common in oil firms in UAE. There is a difference between family ownership and other types of shareholders in that family owners tend to be more interested in the long-term survival of the firm than other types of shareholders(Arosa et al., 2010).. Furthermore, family owners tend to be more concerned about the firm’s reputation of the firm than other shareholders (Arosa et al., 2010). This is because damage to the firm’s reputation can also result in damage the family’s reputation. Many studies have investigated the relationship between family ownership and firm performance. They provide evidence of a positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Villalonga and Amit, 2006; Maury, 2006; Barontini and Caprio, 2006; Pindado et al., 2008). The positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, Arosa et al. (2010) suggests that family firms’ long-term goals indicate that this category of firms desire investing over long horizons than other shareholders. In addition, because there is a significant relationship between the wealth of the family and the value of the family firm, family owners tend to have greater incentives to monitor managers (agents) than other shareholders (Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Furthermore, family owners would be more interested in offering incentives to managers that will make them loyal to the firm. In addition, there is a substantial long-term presence of families in family firms with strong intentions to preserve the name of the family. These family members are therefore more likely to forego short-term financial rewards so as to enable future generations take over the business and protect the family’s reputation (Wang, 2006). In addition, family ownership has positive economic consequences on the business. There are strong control structures that can motivate family members to communicate effectively with other shareholders and creditors using higher quality financial reporting with the resulting effect being a reduction in the cost of financing the business . Furthermore, families are interested in the long-term survival of the firm and family, which reduces the opportunistic behavior of family members with regard to the distribution of earnings and allocation of management, positions. Despite the positive impact of family ownership on firm performance, it has been argued that family ownership promotes high ownership concentration, which in turn creates corporate governance problems. In addition, high ownership concentration results in other types of costs (Arosa et al., 2010). As earlier mentioned, La Porta et al. (1999) and Vollalonga and Amit (2006) argue that controlling shareholders are likely to undertake activities that will give them gain unfair advantage over non-controlling shareholders. For example, family firms may be unwilling to pay dividends . Another reason why family ownership can have a negative impact on firm performance is that controlling family shareholders can easily favour their own interests at the expense of non-controlling shareholders by running the company as a family employment service. Under such circumstances, management positions will be limited to family members and extraordinary dividends will be paid to family shareholders (Demsetz, 1983; Fama and Jensen, 1983; Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). Agency costs may arise because of dividend payments and management entrenchment (DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 2000; Francis et al., 2005). Families may also have their own interests and concerns that may not be in line with the concerns and interests of other investor groups (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). Schulze et al. (2001) provide a discussion, which suggests that the impact of family ownership on firm performance can be a function of the generation. For example, noting that agency costs often arise as a result of the separation of ownership from control, they argue that first generation family firms tend to have limited agency problems because the management and supervision decisions are made by the same individual. As such agency costs are reduced because the separation of ownership and control has been completely eliminated. Given that there is no separation of ownership and control in the first generation family firm, the firm relationship between family ownership and performance is likely to be positive (Miller and Le-Breton-Miller, 2006). As the firm enters second and third generations, the family property becomes shared by an increasingly large number of family members with diverse interests. The moment conflict of interests sets in the relationship between family ownership and performance turns negative in accordance to (Chrisman et al., 2005; Sharma et al., 2007). Furthermore, agency problems arise from family relations because family members with control over the firm’s resources are more likely to be generous to their children and other relatives (Schulze et al., 2001). To summarize, the relationship between family ownership and firm performance may be non-linear. This means that the relationship is likely to be positive and negative at the same time. To support this contention, a number of studies have observed a non-linear relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Maury, 2006). This means that when ownership is less concentrated, family ownership is likely to have a positive impact on firm performance. As the family ownership concentration increases, minority shareholders tend to be exploited by family owners and thus the impact of family ownership on firm performance tends negative. Small countries have a relatively weak diamond of competitive advantages (Vlahinić-Dizdarević; 2006). D. Analysis 1.0 Potter’s Diamond Model The competitive forces advantages or analysis ought to be fixed on the main competition factors and its impact analysis on the business (Porter 1998, p.142). The state, and home wealth cannot be inherited -3554730607695Faktorski uvjeti 00Faktorski uvjeti -27546301293495Vezane i podrÃ… ¾avajuće industrije 00Vezane i podrÃ… ¾avajuće industrije -332041536195Ã…  ansa 00Ã…  ansa – it ought to be produced (Porter 1998, p.155). This wealth is influenced by the ability of industry to continually upgrade and innovate itself, and this is achievable exclusively by increase means in production – in all parts of fiscal action. The model of Porter concerns aspect which circuitously or openly affects advantage of competition. The aspect structure a place where given manufacturing sector like in this case, oil sector, state or region a learn and act on the way of competing in that environment. (Porter; 1998, p. 165). Left0                   Each diamond (oil) and the field of diamond (oil) as the whole structure consists of main influences that makes the oil sector competition to be successive. These influences entail: every ability and resource vital for competitive advantage of the sector; data forming the opportunity and providing the response to how accessible abilities and resources ought to be ruled; each interest group aim; and the is most crucial, oil sector pressure to innovating and investing. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths The oil sector has many years producing oil and so is well established. Comparatively lots of sub-sectors for industrialist stability and support. Weaknesses Comparatively out of date scientific foundation. Inadequate well educated professionals and residents in comparison to the new industry needs. Lesser costs of work cost in oil sector due to low salary from regular salaries in UAE. Opportunities The likelihood for resources application of EU agreement funds, as is the state resources Reasonably good quality of 11 % graduate students share that are likely to be absorbed into this oil sector. 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